A list of Web pages that cover:

• Computer history
• Electronic calculator history
• Pre-electronic computing

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Rules....

• Each page appears only once, in the category to which it relates most strongly.
• Page order is alpha within category, disregarding articles.
• Page content is historical but may not be exclusively so.
• Pages are credited to their authors and institutions where possible, but no comment is made. This is an editorial decision.
• Pages will not be included if, in the editor's opinion, they substantially recurse to or duplicate information already made available.
• Completeness, though often dreamed of, remains a dream.
• If you jump from here to a broken URL, please let us know.

We had to do it – this thing's a monster.

Computers

1. Hardware:machines:general
2. Hardware:machines:mainframes
3. Hardware:machines:supercomputers
4. Hardware:machines:minis
5. Hardware:machines:micros
6. Hardware:machines:laptops [empty]
7. Hardware:machines:sub-laptops [empty]
8. Hardware:CPUs
9. Hardware:storage [empty]
10. Hardware:peripherals
11. Emulators
12. Software:general
13. Software:OS
14. Software:applications
15. Software:languages
16. Software:misc. [empty]
17. Documentation
18. Museums:virtual:survey history and chronology
19. Museums:virtual:oral and video history, and image
20. Museums:physical
21. Folklore

Calculators

1. Hardware:pocket
2. Hardware:desktop [empty]
3. History/chronology/docs

Pre-electronic calculation

Big computers, little computers....

Hardware:machines:general

Comprehensive Computer Catalog by Hans B Pufal, UK
History of Computers, Fachhochschule für Technik Esslingen, DE
History of Computing Devices by Denis Beveridge, Springfield IL, USA
Preservation of Old Computers by Iain A. F. Fleming, UK

Hardware:machines:mainframes

Back in the U.S.S.R. [Doron Swade on BESM-6]
BESM-6 Nostalgia Page by Leonid A. Broukhis
Burroughs Corporation Collection at Babbage Institute
Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, Mike Muuss, U. S. Army
[IBM] 1401s I Have Known by Tom Van Vleck, Cupertino CA, USA
IBM System/360 by Ewan Sutherland, UK
The IBM 360/67 and CP/CMS by Tom Van Vleck, Cupertino CA, USA
IBM 7090-94 Architecture by Jack Harper, Evergreen CO, USA
The IBM 7094 and CTSS by Tom Van Vleck, Cupertino CA, USA
Manchester University MADAM [Ferranti Mark I] by Tommy Thomas, Bond University, AU
Some pictures of interesting computers by Bernd Ulmann, University of Mainz, DE
The Rice University Computer by Adam Justin Thornton, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
Unisys History Newsletter by Randy Carpenter, Georgia Tech, USA
Univac 1105 Core Cards [for sale] by Dr. Foster W. Cline, ID, USA
UNIVAC Memories by John Walker, Megalon SA, Lignières, CH
Why Computers are Computers [SWAC] by David Rutland, OR, USA

Hardware:machines:supercomputers

Cray Research by R. Bedinsky
Into the Supercomputer Era [Cray] National Security Agency, Washington DC, USA
The HARVEST Exhibit [IBM 7030] National Security Agency, Washington DC, USA
The History of the Development of Parallel Computing, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA USA

Hardware:machines:minis

Blasts from the Past [PDP-10] by Dave Fetrow, University of Washington, USA
Care and Feeding of Elderly Computers by Iain A. F. Fleming, Bristol, UK
Cornell University Classic Computer Club, [DEC] Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
DEC PDP-1 by Gordon Greene [other PDP's here too]
Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 by Douglas W. Jones, University of Iowa, USA
The Freak's VAX 11-750 by Brian Murray, Kensington, AU
HP 2100 Archives by Jeff Moffatt, USA
HP3000 FAQ by Chris Bartram, USA [long][not surprisingly]
Jim's Computer Garage by Jim Willing, Beaverton OR, USA
PDP's et autres antiques [en français, English aussi] by Stéphane Tsacas, Paris FR
PDP-8 ftp archive at SunSite, Univ. of North Carolina, USA
PDP-10 ftp archive at SunSite, Univ. of North Carolina, USA
PDP-10 Page by Joe Smith, Fremont CA, USA
PDP-11 ftp archive at SunSite, Univ. of North Carolina, USA
PDP-11 RT11 Games by Maxwell Froedge, Lexington KY, USA
PERQ ftp archive [Three Rivers/ICL] by Robert D. Davis, MD, USA
Project VAX by Mikael Öhrberg, Östersund, SE
Sun Hardware Ref [ftp] by James Birdsall, ID, USA
System Source Computer Museum, Hunt Valley MD, USA

Hardware:machines:micros

8 Bit Universe [CDROMs — deutsch und englisch, meist deutsch]
comp.sys.Acorn FAQ by Philip R. Banks, NZ
Acorn Historical Info Page, University of Surrey, UK
Acorn Machine List by Philip R. Banks, NZ
Altair 8800 [no authoring info]
Amiga Home Page by Michael Witbrocks
Amiga Web Directory by Kevin Hisel, CUCUG, Champaign IL, USA
Amigas at NVG by Steinar Knutsen, Nettverksgruppa, Trondheim, NO
Annies Craft, Inc. [Lisa, Mac and NeXT] by Koji Annoura, Fukuoka, JP [Japanese only?]
ANTIC — Atari Magazines digitized by Kevin Savetz, Eureka CA, USA
Antique Personal Computer Collection by Scott Walde, Saskatoon SK, CA
The Apple ][ and Cousins
Apple ][ Forever by Peter Liethen
Apple II History by Steven Weyhrich, USA
Apple II FAQs by Nathan Mates, Cal Tech, Pasadena CA, USA
Apple /// FAQ by David Ottalini, WA, USA
Apple Lisa Web Page by Tom Stepleton, USA
Apple Project Code Names by Owen Linzmayer, San Francisco CA, USA
[Apple] Practical Mac by MacAddict
Apple's Twiggy Disks by Eric Smith, Milpitas CA, USA
Apple T-Shirts by Gordon Thygeson, Cupertino CA, USA [book promo]
Atari 8-Bit FAQ by Michael Current, La Mesa, CA
Atari 8-Bit Homepage by Ivo van Poorten, NL
Bell & Howell Apple II+ by Justin Mayrand
BRiTiSH Underground Atari 8bit by Craig Lisowski, London, UK
Classic Commodore Pages by Larry Anderson, San Andreas CA, USA
Classic Computer Haven by Jeff Hellige [Amiga, Atari and others]
Dragon Data by David Linsley, York University, UK
Eighties Hardware Archive by boothhj, Rensselaer Polytech. Inst., Troy NY, USA
Francois's Computer Collection by Francois Auradon
Historical Computer Collection by Geoff Kirkpatrick, Lansing MI, USA
History of Apple Computers by Glen Sanford, London, UK
History Of Computers During My Lifetime by Jason Patterson, Queensland, AU
History of Homecomputers by Matthias Jaap, Hamburg, DE
History of Microcomputers by Ken Polsson, BC, CA
History of MITS by Linda Stranahan
Home Computer Hall of Fame by Chris Stratford
IBM PC Convertible by Erich W. Lantz, Broadway VA, USA
Internet Dragon Software Archive by Ross Hamilton, University of Warwick, UK
Kenback-1 by Clemens Weller [auf deutsch]
Le Muséum d'Histoire Informatique by Philippe Dubois, FR [en français]
MacAntiques by Terry Higgins, Milwaukee WI, USA
The Machine Room by Alexios Chouchoulas, UK
Macintosh Museum by MacintoshOS
Mind Machine Museum by Hal Layer, SF State University, CA, USA
MITS-Pertec Altair by W. Tom Sanderson, Lake Forest CA, USA
Museum of Personal Computing Machinery by Doug Coward, Sunnyvale CA, USA
NeXT-FAQ by Bernhard Scholz, Technical University of Munich, DE
NEXTSTEP-OpenStep-Archive by Axel Siebert [auf deutsch und englisch]
Obsolete Computer Museum by Tom Carlson, National Center for State Courts, USA
Old Computer List by Dr. Mark Robinson, MSIL, UK
Oric Page by Olivier Balet, ENSICA, FR [several languages]
PC Museum by Daniel Lessard
Planet Sinclair [replaces Archive] by Chris Owen, Nettverksgruppa, Trondheim, NO
Rehabilitated Computer Collection by David Williams
SAM Coupé Info Base by Simon Cooke, University of Manchester, UK
Sinclair QL Home Page by Robert Klein, University of Mainz, DE
Sinclair ZX81 Support Page by Steven McDonald, UK
Sirius-1 by Clemens Weller [auf deutsch]
Sun Remarketing, Logan UT, USA [parts and service for early Apple computers]
[Tandy] The Dock! by Richard Hanson, Pleasant Hill CA, USA [portables]
Terak Museum by John Foust
TI 99/4A Home Page by Rich Polivka, Cleveland OH, USA [includes 99/8]
TI-99/4A Shrine by John F. McDonnell
TRS-80 Color Computer Homepage by Markus Blumrich, Saskatoon,
SK, CA
TRS-80 Home Page by Pete Cervasio
Vintage Atari by petebuilt, CT, USA [heavy graphics]
We Love Our Apple Lisas by Richard T. Kilpatrick, Photon Publications, UK
VZ200 Home Page by Brian Murray, Kensington, AU

Hardware:machines:laptops

Hardware:machines:sub-laptops

Cambridge Computer Z88 by Dennis Groning, SE
Eternal Cambridge Z88 Homepage by Paul Camphorst, NL
Z88 Forever! by Garry Lancaster, UK

Hardware:CPUs

The 8080 and Octal Notation by Matthew Harbowy, USA
Chip Directory by Jaap van Ganswijk, NL
Chip List by Aad Offerman, Vlaardingen, NL
Computer Architects by Mark Smotherman [processor history]
CPU Info Center by Tom Burd, UC Berkeley, USA
Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present by John Bayko, University of Regina, CA
Intro to the 65816 by Brett Tabke, WDC, Mesa AZ, USA
Microprocessor 25th Anniversary at intel.com
Microprocessor instruction set cards by Jonathan Bowen
Motorola 68000 Resources by Paul R. Santa-Maria, MI, USA

Hardware:storage

Hardware:peripherals

Video Terminal Information by Richard S. Shuford, University of Tennessee, USA
Virtual Mousepad Museum by Adriaan van der Hek, Utrecht, NL

Emulators

68K Macintosh Emulators by Erich Boleyn, Portland OR, USA
[Apple II] A2 Home Page for Apple II Emulators
Atari ST/STE/130XE by Emulators Online [was Branch Always Software], USA
Beboputer Virtual Computer Emulator by Maxfield & Montrose Interactive, Madison AL, USA
Computer History and Emulation by Marat Fayzullin, University of Maryland, USA
Dragon & CoCo Resources by Paul Burgin, Logica plc, Surrey, UK
EmulationNet by John Stiles, Berkeley CA, USA
Emulation Software R&D by Erich Boleyn
Emulators! by Matthias Jaap, Hamburg, DE
OAK Software Repository [replaces SimTel sites] by Jeff Marraccini, Oakland University, MI, USA
Turing Machine by Gordon Greene

Software:general

Computer History Institute for the Preservation of Software (CHIPS)
by Margaret Cabrinety, Columbia, MD, USA
Microsoft Timeline [will install Shockwave Flash]
Software History Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA

Software:OS

CP/M Archive by Jeff Marraccini, Oakland University, MI, USA
MacCrypt, USA
Multics by Tom Van Vleck, Cupertino CA, USA
Multics Home Page by Stan Zanarotti, MIT, USA
UNIX 25th Anniversary, Amdahl Corporation, USA
Unofficial CP/M Web Page [but apparently authorized by Caldera]

Software:applications

A History of Search Engines by Wes Sonnenreich, MIT, USA
System R by Paul McJones, DEC, USA
WordStar Users' Group, GA, USA

Software:languages

Assembly Language Programming by Brian Brown, Central Institute of Technology, NZ
History of Hypertext, SUN Microsystems, USA
History-of-Hypertext Timeline by Jorn Barger, Ottawa ON, CA
INTERCAL Resources by Gorlak, Muppetlabs
The International Obfuscated C Code Contest
Language List at Washington Univ. of St. Louis [long]
LISP History by H. Stoyan, Univ. of Erlangen, DE
MCS-51 Tiny BASIC by John Wharton, Palo Alto CA, USA
PDP-10 Machine Language by Henry Baker, Fremont CA, USA
Retrocomputing Museum by Eric Raymond, USA

Software:misc.

Documentation

BABEL Acronyms Glossary by Irving Kind, Baltimore MD, USA
Computers and Media – Contents [en français]
Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC) at ic.ac.uk [long]
Homebrew Hardware by Gyro Gearloose
IBM Patent Server from 1971 to date
PC Webopaedia by Sandy Bay Software, Rockport MA, USA
SIPB Documents by Student Information Processing Board, MIT, USA
Writing About Microcomputers by Paul Dempsey, PA, USA

Museums:virtual:
survey history and chronology

50 Years of the Transistor by Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill NJ, USA
'80s Textfile Archive by Michael Stutz, Berea OH, USA
A Brief History of the Internet by Barry Leiner, MCC, Austin TX, USA
A Short History of the Computer by Jeremy Meyers
Apple History and Cool Sites, Apple Computer, Inc., USA
As We May Think by Vannevar Bush, HTML by Denys Duchier, Simon Fraser Univ., ON, CA [do not miss this]
Bobbi's Place by Bobbi Kerlin [computer history timeline]
CS-100: The History of Computing by Michelle A. Hoyle, University of Regina, CA
Cybercinema by Matthew Hurt and Melanie Creel, UIUC, USA [computers and AI in film]
Digital Moments by Doug Menuez et al., San Francisco CA, USA [photo gallery]
The ENIAC Virtual Museum by Nam-June Joe, Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA
Graphical User Interface History by Anthony Siegman, Stanford University, USA
Habitat by Douglas Crockford [history of avatars]
Historical Computer Society by David Greelish, Jacksonville FL, USA
History of Computing by J. A. N. Lee, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
History of the Computer Center, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH
Hobbes' Internet Timeline by Robert H. Zakon, MITRE, McLean VA, USA
HP 1963-1976 by Wirt Atmar
Internet 25th Anniversary, Amdahl Corporation, USA
Mauchly and the Development of ENIAC, Goldschmidt and Akera, Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA
Raw Bytes Micro History [radio transcripts]
The Revolutionaries [interviews] by The Tech Museum/Mercury Center, San Jose CA, USA
Silicon Valley History by Jim McCormick, CA, USA
The Software Museum by Ruud H. T. van Tol, Amsterdam, NL
Triumph of the Nerds [page for the PBS-TV series]
Update Computer Society, Uppsala University, SE
The Virtual Museum of Computing by Jonathan Bowen, University of Reading, UK
[many links to corporate histories]
Web Computer Museum by Clemens Weller, Schwäbisch Gmünd, DE [auf deutsch und englisch]
Where Wizards Stay Up Late by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon

Museums:virtual:
oral and video history, and image

American Computer Museum, Bozeman MT, USA
BCS Computer Conservation Society by Chris P. Burton and Iain A. F. Fleming, UK
Bob's Computer Museum by Robert Manners, Oxford University, UK
Charles Babbage Institute, Minneapolis MN, USA
Historic Computer Images [U. S. Army] by Mike Muuss
History of Computing at Los Alamos by Harold Rogers, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, USA
The Machine that Changed the World [from BBC TV series] by J. A. N. Lee, USA
Museo de los 8 bits [en español]
Smithsonian Computer History, [interviews] Washington DC, USA
SunSite ftp picture archive, Univ. of North Carolina, USA
Techno's Virtual Computer Museum by Techno
Timeline of Museum Pieces, UC Davis Computer Science Club, Davis CA, USA
TCS Collectible Comps [legacy micros, commercial]
Virtual Computer History Museum, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA

Museums:physical

Ars Electronica Center, Linz, AT [auf deutsch]
Welcome to The Computer Museum!, Boston MA, USA
Collecting Old Computers by Jay Jaeger
COMMPUTERSEUM by Kevin Stumpf, Waterloo ON, CA
Computer Collection by John Derbyshire, West London, UK
Computer Collection by Carl Friend [DG and DEC]
Computer Collection by Donovan Marshall, NZ [Commodore, Atari]
Computer Collection Main Page by Paul Pierce, Portland OR, USA
ESPAÇODATA, National Museum of Information Technologies, Brasilia, BR
Ever-Expanding Collection List by Bill von Hagen, Pittsburgh PA, USA
The Intel Museum, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara CA, USA
Kevan's Computer Bits by Kevan Heydon, UK
National Archive for the History of Computing, University of Manchester, UK
Univ. of Virginia CS-EE Museum by Gabriel Robins and the Web Team [heavy graphics]

Folklore

Computer History and Folklore by Michael Stillwell, Monash University, AU
HAKMEM File in HTML by Henry Baker, Fremont CA, USA
Jargon File Resources by Eric S. Raymond
The Loginataka by Eric S. Raymond

Desktop chunkers since the Millionaire,
and pocket pals from the HP 35 on.

Hardware:pocket

Design Classics — Calculators from EE Times
Hewlett-Packard Calculators by Eric Smith, Milpitas CA, USA
HP-35 Battery Pack Construction by Douglas W. Jones, University of Iowa, USA
HP 35 Pocket Calculator, Hewlett-Packard Corporation
HP95LX FAQ by Gene Dorr and Anthony Stieber, Milwaukee WI, USA
HP Calculator Restoration Services by Peter Johnson, NH, USA
HPDATAbase by Craig A. Finseth
International Association of Calculator Collectors
Jay Cee HP48 Page by Jay Coates, SDCI Technologies, CH
Jeff's HP Calculator Resource by Jeff Thieleke, University of Iowa, USA
Keith's HP48 Page [FAQ] by Keith Maddock, Flint MI, USA
Museum of HP Calculators by Dave Hicks, Portland OR, USA
My Calculators by Maarten Deen, NL
Old HP and TI Calculators by Gene Wright
The Calculator Reference by Rick Furr [HP, TI and Curta]
TI-85 Info by Ola Stelzer, Råå, SE
TICALC.ORG; TI Graphing Calculators by Chris Dornfeld et al.
Vintage Calculator Forum by James Redin

Hardware:desktop

History/chronology/docs

X-Number World of Calculators by James Redin

Metal, wood and ivory.

Calculating Machines by Erez Kaplan, Scitex Corporation, IL
Chronology of Digital Computing Machinery to 1952 by Mark Brader
Historical Reference to Computing 1830-1950 by Brian Randell,
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
The Slide Rule Home Page by Gordon P. Smith, Georgia Tech, USA
Slide Rule Trading Post by Andrew Davie, AU
Totalisator History by Brian Conlon, AU [will download 200K .wav]
Vintage News by Enrico Tedeschi, Brighton, UK

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